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ABSTRACT Purpose: to recognize the effects of valproic acid (VPA), an epigenetic drug, on the bladder healing process, in rats. Method: twenty male Wistar rats were divided in two groups: experimental (A), treated with VPA (150mg/Kg/day), and control (B) with 0.9% sodium chloridrate. Healing was analyzed on the third and seventh days, evaluating the inflammatory reaction, collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. Results: inflammatory reaction on the third day was minimal and acute in both groups. On the seventh day, it was subacute in both groups, moderate intensity in group A and minimal in group B (p=0.0476). Collagen III intensity, marked by immunohistochemistry, was similar in both groups. Collagen I intensity on the third day was similar in both groups, but on the seventh day it was higher in experimental than control (p=0.0476). Collagen evaluation by picrosiriusred allowed to verify that the presence of collagen III was similar in both groups (p=0.3312) on the third day, and it was higher in control on the seventh day (p=0.0015). Collagen I showed similarity on the third day (p=0.3100), and it was higher in control on the seventh day (p=0.0015). Vessel marked with anti-SMA counting showed fewer vessels on the third (p=0.0034) and seventh day (p=0.0087) in experimental group. The lower intensity of angiogenesis was confirmed with anti-CD34, on the third day (p=0,0006) and on the seventh day (p=0,0072). Conclusion: VPA determined alterations in the bladder healing process, in rats, with lower collagen density and less angiogenic activity, but without compromising the integrity of the organ.
RESUMO Objetivo: reconhecer os efeitos do ácido valpróico (VPA), uma droga epigenética, no processo de cicatrização da bexiga, em ratos. Método: vinte ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em dois grupos: experimental (A), utilizando VPA (150mg/Kg/dia), e controle (B), tratados com cloreto de sódio 0,9% por gavagem. A cicatrização da bexiga foi analisada no terceiro e sétimo dia, estudando-se a reação inflamatória, síntese de colágeno, reepitelização e angiogênese. Resultados: a reação inflamatória no terceiro dia foi mínima e aguda em ambos os grupos. No sétimo dia, foi subaguda em ambos os grupos com intensidade moderada no grupo A e mínima no grupo B (p=0,0476). A intensidade do colágeno III, marcada pela imuno-histoquímica, foi semelhante nos dois grupos, nos dois tempos estudados. A intensidade de colágeno I no terceiro dia foi semelhante nos dois grupos, e maior no sétimo dia no grupo experimental (p=0,0476). A avaliação do colágeno pelo picrosiriusred mostrou que a presença de colágeno III foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (p=0,3312) no terceiro dia, e maior no controle no sétimo dia (p=0,0015). O colágeno I foi semelhante no terceiro dia (p=0,3100), e maior no controle no sétimo dia (p=0,0015). A contagem de vasos marcados pelo anti-SMA mostrou menos vasos no terceiro (p=0,0034) e sétimo dia (p=0,0087) no grupo experimental, confirmado pelo anti-CD34, no terceiro (p=00006) e no sétimo dia (p=0,0072). Conclusão: o VPA determinou alterações no processo de cicatrização da bexiga, em ratos, com menor densidade de colágeno e menor atividade angiogênica, mas sem comprometer a integridade do órgão.
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RESUMEN Introducción: el asma bronquial es la clásica enfermedad dentro de las afecciones alérgicas, y tiene gran impacto en la salud mundial. Es una enfermedad compleja tanto genética como fenotípicamente, y las interacciones genética-ambientales la complejizan aún más. Objetivo: validar un cuestionario para el estudio de los factores genéticos y su interacción con factores ambientales en la aparición de los trastornos inmunitarios por asma bronquial. Métodos: el estudio se generó en el departamento de Inmunología del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente Pepe Portilla de la provincia Pinar del Río. Se seleccionó el grupo coordinador de la técnica a realizar. Se utilizó la Metodología Delphi, en sus cuatro fases: definición del tema, selección de expertos, ejecución de rondas de consultas y evaluación de los resultados. Para determinar las similitudes y concordancias de las respuestas, se calculó el coeficiente de concordancia de Kendall y Friedman. Resultados: se seleccionaron 21 expertos con altos niveles de competencia de acuerdo al cálculo de los coeficientes de conocimiento y argumentación. En la tercera versión del cuestionario existió similitud en las respuestas de los expertos a favor de la categoría superior de Muy imprescindible, así como concordancia en el nivel de respuesta. Conclusiones: el cuestionario diseñado alcanza niveles óptimos de validez de contenido y factibilidad para determinar la contribución de los factores genéticos y su interacción con factores ambientales en la aparición de los trastornos inmunitarios por asma bronquial.
ABSTRACT Introduction: bronchial asthma is the classic disease among allergic conditions, and has great impact on health worldwide. It is a complex disease both genetically and phenotypically, and genetic-environmental interactions make it even more complex. Objective: to validate a questionnaire for the study of the involvement of genetic factors and their interaction with environmental factors in the onset of immune disorders due to bronchial asthma. Methods: the study was developed in the Department of Immunology at Pepe Portilla Provincial Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Pinar del Río province. The coordinating group of the technique to be carried out was selected and comprised three professionals responsible for the proposed research. The Delphi Methodology was used, completing its four phases: definition of the topic, selection of experts, implementation of consultation rounds and assessment of results. To determine the agreement or similarities of the responses of the evaluators respectively, the Kendall and Friedman concordance coefficient was calculated. Results: twenty-one (21) experts with high levels of competence were selected according to the calculation of the coefficients of knowledge and argumentation. In the third version of the questionnaire, there was similarity in the responses of the experts in favor of the higher category of Very Essential, as well as agreement in the level of response of the experts. Conclusions: the designed questionnaire reaches optimal levels of content validity and feasibility to determine the contribution of genetic factors and their interaction with environmental factors on the onset of immune disorders due to bronchial asthma.
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Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, leading to immense social and economic burdens. Currently, the main treatments for CRC include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC, the prognosis for CRC patients remains poor. Furthermore, the occurrence of side effects and toxicities severely limits the clinical use of these therapies. Therefore, alternative medications with high efficacy but few side effects are needed. An increasing number of modern pharmacological studies and clinical trials have supported the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) for the prevention and treatment of CRC. CHMs may be able to effectively reduce the risk of CRC, alleviate the adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy, and prolong the survival time of patients with advanced CRC. Studies of molecular mechanisms have provided deeper insight into the roles of molecules from CHMs in treating CRC. This paper summarizes the current understanding of the use of CHMs for the prevention and treatment of CRC, the main molecular mechanisms involved in these processes, the role of CHMs in modulating chemotherapy-induced adverse reactions, and CHM's potential role in epigenetic regulation of CRC. The current study provides beneficial information on the use of CHMs for the prevention and treatment of CRC in the clinic, and suggests novel directions for new drug discovery against CRC.
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Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, leading to immense social and economic burdens. Currently, the main treatments for CRC include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC, the prognosis for CRC patients remains poor. Furthermore, the occurrence of side effects and toxicities severely limits the clinical use of these therapies. Therefore, alternative medications with high efficacy but few side effects are needed. An increasing number of modern pharmacological studies and clinical trials have supported the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) for the prevention and treatment of CRC. CHMs may be able to effectively reduce the risk of CRC, alleviate the adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy, and prolong the survival time of patients with advanced CRC. Studies of molecular mechanisms have provided deeper insight into the roles of molecules from CHMs in treating CRC. This paper summarizes the current understanding of the use of CHMs for the prevention and treatment of CRC, the main molecular mechanisms involved in these processes, the role of CHMs in modulating chemotherapy-induced adverse reactions, and CHM's potential role in epigenetic regulation of CRC. The current study provides beneficial information on the use of CHMs for the prevention and treatment of CRC in the clinic, and suggests novel directions for new drug discovery against CRC.
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Early life stress can have long-term effects on human health.Both prenatal and postnatal stress exposure affect offspring's neurodevelopment,and increase the risk of emotional disorders and cognitive and behavioral abnormalities.However,these effects are gender and species specific and individualized with intergenerational influence.Many factors,including neurobiological responses,such as glucocorticoid,brainderived neurotrophic factors,glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid,neuroimmune network function as well as epigenetic regulation of key functional genes in stress response,play important roles in the long-term effects of early life stress on neurodevelopment.Various postnatal environment can alleviate the neurological and behavioral abnormalities induced by stress.Therefore,the risk of long-term effects may be reduced along with environment optimization.
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Epigenetics refers to the changes in gene expression level and function caused by non-genetic sequence changes.It can provide the time,location and mode of the genetic information for the execution of DNA sequences,including DNA methylation,histone modification,non-coding RNA and chromatin remodeling.Studies had shown that epigenetics plays an important role in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR),and it had been found that epigenetic-related treatment regimens had a certain effect on the treatment of DR through animal experiments and in vitro experiments.It was benefit to regulate the development of diabetes and its complications by depth study of DNA methylation,histone modification,miRNA and metabolic memory.An understanding of changes in gene transcriptional mechanisms at the epigenetic level could help us to further study the prevention and control of diabetes and its complications,and to provide new ideas for treatment.
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Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers.The pathogenesis of melanoma has not been well documented,which may restrict the research and development of biomarkers and therapies.Recently,with the further study of the pathogenesis of melanoma and the development of molecular biology techniques,some new biomarkers have been found to play an important role in melanoma.Several genetic and epigenetic factors have been identified as contributing to the development and progression of melanoma.Considerable efforts have been made to classify melanoma into distinct subtypes based on genetic mutations and gene expression profile offer important information on patients' prognosis and individual treatment options.Epigenetic alterations can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for melanoma and can be used as a new biomarker for predicting prognosis and predicting disease.And the discovery of biomarkers for melanoma provides a theoretical basis for early diagnosis,individualized treatment and prognosis.
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Atherosclerosis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease caused by the interaction of environment and genetic factors. Epigenetic modification is a bridge between environmental factors and genetic factors. DNA methylation is an important regulatory mode of epigenetic modification, which can regulate gene expression at the pre-transcriptional level. Studies have shown that DNA methylation plays an important role in the occurrence and development process of atherosclerosis. Therefore, atherosclerosis-related DNA demethylation, especially carotid atherosclerosis-related DNA demethylation, can be achieved by natural or synthetic DNA demethylases, thereby achieving the purpose of preventing or treating atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease. This article reviews DNA methylation and its relationship with atherosclerosis and DNA demethylation therapy.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) arise from multi-step carcinogenesis due to genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications of human genome. Genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications were originally established as 2 independent mechanisms contributing to colorectal carcinogenesis. However, recent evidences demonstrate that there are interactions between these 2 mechanisms. Genetic mutations enable disruption of epigenetic controls while epigenetic modifications can initiate genomic instability and carcinogenesis. This review summarized genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications in colorectal carcinogenesis and molecular classification of CRC subtype based on genetic or epigenetic biomarkers for treatment response and prognosis. Molecular subtypes of CRC will permit the implementation of precision medicine with better outcome of management for CRC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomarkers , Carcinogenesis , Classification , Colorectal Neoplasms , Epigenesis, Genetic , Epigenomics , Genome, Human , Genomic Instability , Precision Medicine , PrognosisABSTRACT
Epigenetic regulation plays an important role in breast cancer research.The epigenetic modification of histone mainly affects the occurrence and development of breast cancer by adding and removing methyl,acetyl and phosphate groups under the action of various enzymes.Because of its reversible regulatory process,it can provide advantage for the affected region to return to the normal genome state.Clinically,this can be used to develop a variety of drugs for patient diagnosis and treatment and to provide treatment targets.
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Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is a kind of protease,which plays an important role in the structural modification of chromosomes and the regulation of gene expression.Its excessive expression in cancer cells causes acetylation imbalance,which is closely related to the occurrence of tumor.The high efficiency and low toxicity of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) has been widely recognized as anti-tumor drug with the deepening of the study in epigenetics.It is expected to bring more breakthroughs in the treatment of tumor.
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The interaction between genetic and environmental factors influences the onset,development and prognosis of cerebral ischemia.Recently,epigenetic regulation is increasingly becoming a research focus on cerebral ischemia,and there has been great progress in research on DNA methylation,histone modification and miRNA network.Epigenetic regulation provides a new idea for identifying potential therapeutic targets of cerebral ischemia.
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Epigenetic mechanisms influence gene expression and function without modification of the base sequence of DNA and may generate a genetic phenotype.Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation,histone modifications,and deployment of noncoding RNA.There is growing evidence that epigenetic mechanisms could play a crucial role in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR).Molecular biological methods which could maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms may prevent the development of DR.Epigenetic-related treatment modalities will become the new direction of targeted therapy for DR.
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Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation,histone post-translational modifications,non-coding RNA are reversible,heritable alterations which are induced by environmental stimuli.Major risk factors of diabetes and diabetic complications including hyperglycemia,oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products,can lead to abnormal epigenetic modifications in retinal vascular endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithelium cells.Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of macular edema and neovascularization of diabetic retinopathy (DR),as well as diabetic metabolic memory.The heritable nature of epigenetic marks also plays a key role in familial diabetes mellitus.Further elucidation of epigenetic mechanisms in DR can open the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets to prevent DR progression.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ and multisystemic involvement and various clinical manifestations.Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs),a kind of non-hematopoietic stem cells originating from the mesoderm,are key components of hematopoietic microenvironment.Recent studies have indicated that SLE is a disorder of stem cells.Both hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are abnormal in SLE,which mainly manifests as changes of biological characteristics,abnormal cytoskeleton and ultrastructure,shortened telomeres,increased telomerase and SA-β-Gal acitivity,decreased differentiative ability,aberrant immunoregulatory effect,and other features of senescence.The mechanism of MSC aging may be related to up-regulated expressions of aging-related genes p53/p21cip1,p16INK4a/Rb and p27kip1/pTEN,elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS),endoplasmic reticulum stress,epigenetic alterations,etc.
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Female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin (FATWO) is a rare disease entity that arises from the mesonephric duct system. FATWO is different than other gynecological cancers in terms of embryology. Here, we describe the case of a 52-year-old woman with malignant FATWO. The patient underwent explorative laparotomy and surgical staging after a frozen section revealed malignancy. Detailed examination of the pathologic findings were consistent with FATWO. Counseling and further testing were provided to the patient to assess the risk of germline mutation and epigenetic change. An O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene methylation test was positive, and all other tests were normal. This is the first study to report a case of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase methylation with FATWO in Korea.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Counseling , Embryology , Epigenesis, Genetic , Epigenomics , Frozen Sections , Germ-Line Mutation , Korea , Laparotomy , Methylation , Rare Diseases , Wolffian DuctsABSTRACT
Recent studies have shown that the pathophysiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involves epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs. In this review, we describe the general characteristics of epigenetic machinery in HCC as well as the current advances in epigenetic therapy for HCC. It is pointed out that epigenetic therapy has good prospects in the treatment of HCC, but there is still a long way before clinical application.
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Heritable changes in gene expression are regarded as epigenetics,which do not involve coding sequence modifications.The study of ophthalmology epigenetics is a rapidly growing area in biomedical research.Epigenetic mechanisms principally include DNA methylation,histone modification,chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNA.Aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification are linked to a number of age-related disorders,such as cancer,autoimmune and others.In recent years,the modulations of epigenetic changes on the pathogenesis of eye disorders and their roles in therapeutic interventions are drawing more and more attention,and these studies deepen the understanding of relevant diseases.Since the epigenetic alterations are reversible,modifying epigenetic marks contributing to eye diseases provide a new approach to the development of disease prevention,diagnosis and therapies.Herein we discuss the roles of epigenetic changes in eye disease development,hoping that ophthalmologists and researchers pay attention to these researching cues in pathogenesis of eye disorders caused by genetic expression alterations in response to environmental changes,importantly,to the implication for relevant eye disease therapy and prevention.